Where: names and aliases were marked with bold as commonly used version names. Incoming changes - this changes as the JavaScript specification evolves. Kindly note that the normative copy is the HTML version the PDF version has been produced to generate a printable document.

Features: numeric separators ( 1_0000_000), This Standard defines the application programming interface for ECMAScript objects that support programs that need to adapt to the linguistic and cultural conventions used by different human languages and countries.

Features: optional chining ( ?.), nullish coalescing operator ( ?),.

Classes: Intl.PluralRules, Intl.NumberFormat, etc.

Features: async iterables, named capturing groups and backreferences (RegExp),.

Classes: Atomics, SharedArrayBuffer, Intl.DateTimeFormat, typed arrays, etc.

Features: exponentiation operator ( **),.Classes: Promise, Proxy, Symbol, Map, Set, Reflect, etc.), destructuring assignmen, Template literals (Template strings), Keyword/Features: class, let, const, for.of, spread syntax (.Object: keys(), freeze(), seal(), defineProperty(), etc.

It is standardised by Ecma International according to the document ECMA-262.ĮCMAScript is commonly used for client-side scripting on the World Wide Web, and it is increasingly being used for writing server applications and services using Node.js.Īppeard in 2009 (HTML 5 introduction time). In this article, we try to make a simple summary of the main JavaScript features that appear in different ECMAScript versions.ĮCMAScript (or ES) is a JavaScript standard meant to ensure the interoperability of web pages across different web browsers.

Ecmascript 2021